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Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education. Plant growth and form may also be affected by variation in the color of forest light. This has strong implications for the joint evolution of visual signals and vision, as well as microhabitat choice. As a result, an animal or plant may have a different appearance in each environment, i.e., a color pattern may be relatively cryptic in some light environments while relatively conspicuous in others. Perceived colors of animals, flowers, and fruits depend upon the interaction between ambient light color and the reflectance color of the animal or plant parts. Scattered literature references suggest similar patterns elsewhere in North America, Europe, and Java. Each light environment is well defined and was found in forests of Trinidad, Panama, Costa Rica, Australia, California, and Florida. An additional light environment (early/late) is associated with low sun angles (near dawn or dusk) it is purplish. When the sun is blocked by clouds, the spectra of these four habitats converge on that of large gaps and open areas, so the single light environment during cloudy weather will be called open/cloudy. These are characterized by yellow-green, blue-gray, reddish, and ambient light spectra, respectively. The structure of forests leads to four major light habitats when the sun is not blocked by clouds: forest shade, woodland shade, small gaps, and large gaps. Light environments are caused by, and can be predicted from, the geometry of the light paths, the weather conditions, and the time of day. Forests exhibit much variation in light environments, and this can affect communication among animals, communication between animals and plants, photosynthesis, and plant morphogenesis.
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